Cytochrome P450 metabolism-based herbicide resistance to imazamox and 2,4-D in Papaver rhoeas

Papaver rhoeas biotypes displaying multiple herbicide resistance to ALS inhibitors and synthetic auxin herbicides (SAH) are spreading across Europe. In Spain, enhanced metabolism imazamox was confirmed in one population, while cytochrome-P450 (P450) based 2,4-D another two. The objectives of this research were further confirm the presence P450 mediated and, if so, whether a putative common is responsible metabolizing both imazamox. Metabolism studies undertaken five P. populations with contrasted HR profiles (herbicide susceptible, only inhibitors, SAH, or both), moreover, three different used. these SoA more populations. This study provides first direct evidence that P450-mediated, also population without an altered target site. Additionally, it SAH involves as well. No detected using all herbicide-metabolizing biotypes, suggesting metabolic system involving P450s degrading affecting SoAs. Thus, selection pressure either imidazolinone can select not for each them, but confer cross-resistance between them rhoeas.